Chloroplast cell

Jul 22, 2022 · A prokaryote is defined as any organism that is chiefly characterized by a cell devoid of a well-defined (i.e., membrane-bound) nucleus as opposed to a eukaryote that has a nucleus. Instead of a nucleus, the prokaryotes have a nucleoid region where the genetic materials are located. Etymology: The term prokaryote (plural: prokaryotes) came from ...

The plant cells which contain chloroplasts are usually parenchyma cells, though chloroplasts can also be found in collenchyma tissue. A plant cell which contains chloroplasts is known as a chlorenchyma cell. A typical chlorenchyma cell of a land plant contains about 10 to 100 chloroplasts. The alga already has a chloroplast with two membranes as well as a nucleus and other organelles. Since the host cell only needs the energy from the chloroplast, the other captured organelles degenerate and eventually disappear. However, the membranes often remain and the chloroplast is left with four membranes, rather than two.Chloroplasts are tiny factories inside the cells of plants. They are also found in the cells of other organisms that use photosynthesis. Chloroplasts take the energy from the sunlight and use it to make plant food. The food can be used immediately to give cells energy or it can be stored as sugar or starch.Feb 15, 2019 · The estimated values of g m18 were fitted to the von Caemmerer and Evans model, wherein g m18 was separated into liquid (g liq; cell wall, cytosol) and membrane (g pmem; plasma membrane) components.Note that von Caemmerer and Evans included the chloroplast membrane conductance in g pmem to interpret g m13, while we exclude …Chloroplast is an organelle and is a unique element to plant cells. It even contains an important element that is important in the process of photosynthesis which is termed as ‘Chlorophyll’. It is the specific structure in the plant's cell and green algae. The world chloroplast means ‘the one who forms.’The chloroplast-nucleus communication following perception of a biotic threat at the cell surface, which leads to the activation of pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), involves the thylakoid membrane-associated Calcium Sensing Receptor (CAS); although the exact molecular function of CAS in unclear, this protein is required for PTI-induced …

Typically, the nucleus is the most prominent organelle in a cell. The nucleus (plural = nuclei) houses the cell’s DNA in the form of chromatin and directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins. Let us look at it in more detail ( Figure 3.11 ). Figure 3.11 The outermost boundary of the nucleus is the nuclear envelope.Apr 25, 2019 · 1. Fuels the Cell. Mitochondria and chloroplasts both convert energy from outside the cell into a form that is usable by the cell. 2. DNA is Circular in Shape. Another similarity is that both mitochondria and chloroplasts contain some amount of DNA (though most DNA is found in the cell's nucleus). In (b) photosystem I, the electron comes from the chloroplast electron transport chain discussed below. The actual step that converts light energy into chemical energy takes place in a multiprotein complex called a photosystem , two types of which are found embedded in the thylakoid membrane, photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI) (Figure …Biology (Kimball) Unit 3: The Cellular Basis of Life 3.17: Chloroplasts Expand/collapse global locationChloroplasts – Chloroplasts are double membrane-bound organelles, which usually vary in their shape – from a disc shape to spherical, discoid, oval and ribbon. They are present in mesophyll cells of leaves, which store chloroplasts and other carotenoid pigments. These pigments are responsible for trapping light energy for photosynthesis. Sep 30, 2023 · Plant cells have certain distinguishing features, including chloroplasts, cell walls, and intracellular vacuoles. Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts; cell walls allow plants to have strong ...Figure 23.1D. 1 23.1 D. 1: Micrograph of mammaliam mitochondria: In this transmission electron micrograph of mitochondria in a mammalian lung cell, the cristae, infoldings of the mitochondrial inner membrane, can be seen in cross-section. Mitochondria divide independently by a process that resembles binary fission in prokaryotes.

8. The chloroplast is an oval, green structure found in the cytoplasm. It contains chlorophyll. It captures the sun’s energy and uses it to produces sugars in a process called photosynthesis. a. What company or place does the chloroplast resemble in a Cell City? Solar Power Plant b. Why do you think so?Mar 1, 2023 · Chloroplasts are endosymbiotic organelles derived from cyanobacteria. They have a double envelope membrane, including the outer envelope and the inner envelope. A complex membrane system, thylakoids, exists inside the chloroplast. It is the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. The stroma is the main site of the carbon ... The chloroplast is a vital organelle of plant cells carrying out photosynthesis. In addition to the outer and inner membranes, mature chloroplasts have an internal membrane network of thylakoids, where the light energy is converted into chemical energy stored in ATP ( Fig. 1 ) ( Li et al., 2016 ).Chloroplasts are tiny plant powerhouses that capture light energy to produce the starches and sugars that fuel plant growth. They are found inside plant cells in plant …Structure. Around 0.1-1.0 µm in diameter. Membrane surrounding digestive enzymes known as hydrolases. Functions. Digesting worn out organelles, or bacterium taken in during phagocytosis. Bind to the cell membrane and release their enzymes outside of it in a process known as exocytosis like exocism.

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Cell - Mitochondria, Energy, Organelle: Through a series of metabolic reactions carried out in the matrix, the mitochondrion converts products of the cell’s initial metabolism of fats, amino acids, and sugars into the compound acetyl coenzyme A. The acetate portion of this compound is then oxidized in a chain reaction called the tricarboxylic acid cycle. At the …8. The chloroplast is an oval, green structure found in the cytoplasm. It contains chlorophyll. It captures the sun’s energy and uses it to produces sugars in a process called photosynthesis. a. What company or place does the chloroplast resemble in a Cell City? Solar Power Plant b. Why do you think so? The endosymbiotic theory states that some of the organelles in eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the same size as prokaryotic cells and divide by binary fission. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA which is circular, not linear. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own ribosomes ...Chloroplasts, the organelles responsible for photosynthesis, are in many respects similar to mitochondria. Both chloroplasts and mitochondria function to generate metabolic energy, evolved by endosymbiosis, contain their own genetic systems, and replicate by division.

Chloroplasts are present in the cells of all green tissues of plants and algae. Chloroplasts are also found in photosynthetic tissues that do not appear green, such as the brown …Plant cells are remarkable in that they have two organelles specialized for energy production: chloroplasts, which create energy via photosynthesis, and mitochondria, which generate energy through respiration, a particularly important process when light is unavailable. Like the mitochondrion, the chloroplast is different from most other ...Nov 14, 2018 · The primary energy resource of life on earth is the sun, whose energy is captured in the form of usable carbons by a process called photosynthesis. Photosynthesis occurs within a cellular organelle adapted to that purpose, called the chloroplast. Chloroplasts are unique metabolic and sensory organelles restricted to plants, algae, and a few ... A chloroplast is a type of plant cell organelle known as a plastid. Plastids assist in storing and harvesting needed substances for energy production. A chloroplast …Chloroplast: Structure & functions DeepaThanage 7.4K views•12 slides. Chloroplasts Dilip Pandya 26.2K views•17 slides. Cell wall structure and function Rajpal Choudhary 93.4K views•28 slides. Chloroplast Lona Chaliha 49.6K views•16 slides. Nucleus structure and nuclear pore complex HARINATHA REDDY ASWARTHA 3.5K …Chloroplast Definition. The chloroplast, found only in algal and plant cells, is …Oct 11, 2004 · This is a liver cell. cytoplasm cell surface membrane mitochondrion nucleus nuclear membrane small vacuole Questions List the characteristics of living things. 2 How many times can a good light microscope magnify? 1.2 A typical plant cell as seen with a light microscope. This is a palisade cell. starch grain inside chloroplast cell wall cell ...Find Chloroplast Cell stock images in HD and millions of other royalty-free stock photos, illustrations and vectors in the Shutterstock collection. Thousands of new, high-quality pictures added every day. Jul 11, 2023 · Martin Jonikas. Chloroplasts are a specialized structure found inside the cells of land plants and red and green algae. Through the process of photosynthesis, chloroplasts convert sunlight and atmospheric carbon dioxide into the starches we eat and the oxygen we breathe. Despite their importance, we have only a fuzzy idea of how chloroplasts work. Apr 12, 2019 · Cytoplasm is a clear substance that is gel-like in the cell membrane but is on the outside of the nucleus. It contains mostly water with the addition of enzymes, organelles, salts and organic molecules. Cytoplasm will liquefy when it is stirred or agitated. It is often referred to as cytosol, meaning "substance of the cell." The chloroplast is a double membrane organelle found in plants and certain algae cells. The main function of the chloroplast is to convert energy from the Sun into chemical energy (glucose) for growth, a process called photosynthesis. This is why we call chloroplasts are like solar panels inside the cells. [In this figure] The chloroplast and ...

Both the chloroplast and the mitochondrion are organelles found in the cells of plants, but only mitochondria are found in animal cells. The function of chloroplasts and mitochondria is to generate energy for the cells in which they live. The structure of both organelle types includes an inner and an outer membrane.

Jan 25, 2023 · The chloroplast, found only in algal and plant cells, is a cell organelle that produces energy through the process called photosynthesis. The word chloroplast comes from the Greek words ‘khloros’, meaning “green” , and ‘plastes’, meaning “formed”. Chloroplasts. Randy Wayne, in Plant Cell Biology, 2009. Publisher Summary. Chloroplasts are organelles specializing in the conversion of radiant energy to chemical energy. The chloroplast is involved in photosynthesis and consequently cells that contain chloroplasts are autotrophic, which means that they are able to make their own food from inorganic molecules by using the radiant energy of ...3. DNA, the heredity information of cells, which can be found in a nucleus of eukaryotic cells and the a nucleoid region of prokaryotic cell. 4. ribosomes, or protein-synthesizing structures composed of ribosomes and proteins. These structures can be found on the image of the plant cell (Figure 3.1.2.1 3.1.2. 1 ).Nov 30, 2022 · The number of chloroplasts varies from 1 in green algae to 40 per cell in plants. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll a and b pigments and absorb solar energy. The shape of the chloroplasts varies widely. Cup-shaped chloroplasts can be seen in Chlamydomonas, green algae whereas in higher plants it is spherical or ovoid shaped. Photosynthesis in Prokaryotes. The two parts of photosynthesis—the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle—have been described, as they take place in chloroplasts. However, prokaryotes, such as cyanobacteria, lack membrane-bound organelles (including chloroplasts). Prokaryotic photosynthetic organisms have infoldings …11 mai 2021 ... Developmental analysis of the wheat leaf reveals stages of cell and chloroplast differentiation. In order to generate a quantitative analysis of ...The green chloroplasts in this cell are now a critical part of plant cells, but they evolved from an entirely different organism than the plant cell. The chloroplast is thought to have evolved from a cyanobacterial cell that managed to survive the cell's defenses. We know that multiple membranes surround the organelles too.Jun 17, 2021 · Diversity of Plastid Types and Their Interconversions. Heebak Choi † Taegyu Yi † Sun-Hwa Ha *. Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea. Plastids are pivotal subcellular organelles that have evolved to perform specialized …Cell MedX News: This is the News-site for the company Cell MedX on Markets Insider Indices Commodities Currencies StocksAug 14, 2017 · The origin of the chloroplast. A leaf of a native water yellow flag iris -- the green color comes from the chlorophyll molecules in the chloroplasts found within the plant cells. Credit: Patricia ...

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Eukaryotic cells: Contain various membrane-bound organelles, including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and more. Size: Prokaryotic cells: Generally smaller, with typical sizes ranging from 0.1 to 5 micrometers. Eukaryotic cells: Generally larger, with typical sizes ranging from 10 to 100 micrometers.A chloroplast is an organelle in plant cells that allows them to produce energy. An organelle is a membrane-bound structure within a cell that has a specific function (if a person were a cell ...May 7, 2022 · Cerutti H, Johnson AM, Boynton JE, Gillham NW(1995) Inhibition of chloroplast DNA recombination and repair by dominant negative mutants of Escherichia coli RecA Mol Cell Biol 15:3003–3011The purpose of the chloroplast is to make sugars that feed the cell’s machinery. Photosynthesis is the process of a plant taking energy from the Sun and creating sugars. When the energy from the Sun hits a chloroplast and the chlorophyll molecules, light energy is converted into the chemical energy found in compounds such as ATP and NADPH. 17 mai 2023 ... Chloroplasts: Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and perform photosynthesis. Chromoplasts: These plastids synthesize and sore pigments other than ...A chloroplast is an organelle in plant cells that allows them to produce energy. An organelle is a membrane-bound structure within a cell that has a specific function (if a …Feb 24, 2016 · The green chloroplasts in this cell are now a critical part of plant cells, but they evolved from an entirely different organism than the plant cell. The chloroplast is thought to have evolved from a cyanobacterial cell that managed to survive the cell's defenses. We know that multiple membranes surround the organelles too. Definition of Animal Cell. The Kingdom Animalia takes up the three-fourth part of all the species on the planet earth. The human body is made up of 10 14 cells, and their size varies from 10-30 µm in diameter. Animal cells do not consist of the cell wall and chloroplast and that mainly differentiates them from the plant cells.They have chloroplast-like organelles, called cyanelles or muroplasts, that have peptidoglycan between the two membranes. They have the same pigments as cyanobacteria and red algae: chlorophyll a and phycobilins. ... Cells of multicellular species are connected via incomplete cytokinesis, resulting in pit connections (Figure …Photosynthesis changes sunlight into chemical energy, splits water to liberate O 2, and fixes CO 2 into sugar.. Most photosynthetic organisms are photoautotrophs, which means that they are able to synthesize food directly from carbon dioxide and water using energy from light. However, not all organisms use carbon dioxide as a source of carbon atoms to …Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of the plant cell. It is the process of preparing food by the plants, by utilising sunlight, carbon dioxide and water. Energy is produced in the form of ATP in the process. A few plant cells help in the transport of water and nutrients from the roots and leaves to different parts of the plants. ….

Chloroplasts evolved from a cyanobacterial endosymbiont. It is believed that the synchronization of endosymbiotic and host cell division, as is commonly seen in existing algae, was a critical step in establishing the permanent organelle. Algal cells typically contain one or only a small number of chloroplasts that divide once per host cell ...Nov 21, 2016 · cell membrane cytoplasm nucleus b Complete the diagram of the plant cell, and then label the following parts: cell membrane cytoplasm large vacuole containing cell sap nucleus chloroplast cell wall membrane around vacuole c The actual maximum width of the animal cell is 0.1 mm. i Measure the maximum width of the diagram of the animal …During the process of evolution, much of its ancient prokaryotic genome was transferred into the nucleus of the host cell. The modern chloroplast genome contains around 100 genes and, interestingly, contains both prokaryote-like operons and eukaryote-like introns (McFadden, 2001). Most of the chloroplast-encoded genes which are involved in ...3. DNA, the heredity information of cells, which can be found in a nucleus of eukaryotic cells and the a nucleoid region of prokaryotic cell. 4. ribosomes, or protein-synthesizing structures composed of ribosomes and proteins. These structures can be found on the image of the plant cell (Figure 3.1.2.1 3.1.2. 1 ).They have chloroplast-like organelles, called cyanelles or muroplasts, that have peptidoglycan between the two membranes. They have the same pigments as cyanobacteria and red algae: chlorophyll a and phycobilins. ... Cells of multicellular species are connected via incomplete cytokinesis, resulting in pit connections (Figure …1. Introduction. Chloroplasts are organelles of plant and algal cells where light energy is converted into chemical energy through photosynthesis [].Chloroplasts also perform a variety of other metabolic processes in plants including the assimilation of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur as well as the synthesis of diverse biologically important molecules in plant cells including fatty acids ...Mitochondria. A mitochondrion (mitochondria, plural), is a membrane-enclosed organelle that is found in most eukaryotic cells.Mitochondria are called the "power plants" of the cell because they are the sites of cellular respiration, where they use energy from organic compounds to make ATP (adenosine triphosphate). ATP is the cell's energy source that …Certain characteristics of mitochondria and chloroplasts support the endosymbiotic theory, which posits that eukaryotic cells evolved from simpler prokaryotic cells that merged together. Lynn Margulis was a key figure in developing this theory. …Browse 1,461 chloroplast structure photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more photos and images. Browse Getty Images' premium collection of high-quality, authentic Chloroplast Structure stock photos, royalty-free images, and pictures. Chloroplast Structure stock photos are available in a variety of sizes and formats to ... Chloroplast cell, Chloroplast is an organelle and is a unique element to plant cells. It even contains an important element that is important in the process of photosynthesis which is termed as ‘Chlorophyll’. It is the specific structure in the plant's cell and green algae. The world chloroplast means ‘the one who forms.’, Despite their fundamental similarities, there are some striking differences between animal and plant cells (see Figure 1). Animal cells have centrosomes (or a pair of centrioles), and lysosomes, whereas plant cells do not. Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, plasmodesmata, and plastids used for storage, and a large central vacuole ... , Cell size. Typical prokaryotic cells range from 0.1 to 5.0 micrometers (μm) in diameter and are significantly smaller than eukaryotic cells, which usually have diameters ranging from 10 to 100 μm. The figure below shows the sizes of prokaryotic, bacterial, and eukaryotic, plant and animal, cells as well as other molecules and organisms on a ..., Apr 11, 2017 · Algal cells consist of a single chloroplast per cell, which is a net, cup, or ribbon-like spiral in shape. In plants, chloroplasts are lens-shaped organelles. They are 3-10 µm in diameter and their thickness is around 1-3 µm. Plant cells process 10-100 chloroplasts per cell. Three membrane systems can be identified in a chloroplast., The endomembrane system (endo = “within”) is a group of membranes and organelles (Figure 4.4.1 4.4. 1) in eukaryotic cells that works together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins. It includes the nuclear envelope, lysosomes, and vesicles, which we’ve already mentioned, and the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus ..., Animal cells do not have a cell wall. When looking under a microscope, the cell wall is an easy way to distinguish plant cells. Chloroplasts . Plants are autotrophs; they produce energy from sunlight through the process of photosynthesis, for which they use cell organelles called chloroplasts. Animal cells do not have chloroplasts. , The cell wall is an outer protective membrane in many cells including plants, fungi, algae, and bacteria. Animal cells do not have a cell wall. The main functions of the cell wall are to provide structure, support, and protection for the cell. The cell wall in plants is composed mainly of cellulose and contains three layers in many plants., The cell wall is an outer protective membrane in many cells including plants, fungi, algae, and bacteria. Animal cells do not have a cell wall. The main functions of the cell wall are to provide structure, support, and protection for the cell. The cell wall in plants is composed mainly of cellulose and contains three layers in many plants., Dec 9, 2022 · The chloroplast is a member of the cell’s chloroplast family. Chlorophyll, a pigment found in chlorophyll, gives leaves their green hue and absorbs light energy. Chloroplasts play a critical role in chlorophyll production. Chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis in a variety of ways, and it can be found in a wide variety of colors. , In biology, a chloroplast refers to the organelle found within the cell of plants and other photosynthetic eukaryotes that is filled with the green pigment called chlorophyll. Etymology: from Greek “chloros”, …, 8. The chloroplast is an oval, green structure found in the cytoplasm. It contains chlorophyll. It captures the sun’s energy and uses it to produces sugars in a process called photosynthesis. a. What company or place does the chloroplast resemble in a Cell City? Solar Power Plant b. Why do you think so?, Apr 28, 2017 · The cytoplasm plays hosts to two organelles that contain their own genomes – the chloroplast and mitochondria. These organelles are inherited directly from the mother through the oocyte and therefore constitute genes that are inherited outside the nucleus. These organelles replicate independent of the nucleus and respond to the needs of the cell., Mar 14, 2018 · Programmed cell death (PCD) is a fundamental biological process. Deficiency in MOSAIC DEATH 1 (MOD1), a plastid-localized enoyl-ACP reductase, leads to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species ..., Onion cells lack chloroplasts because the onion is part of the plant that is not involved in photosynthesis. The part of the plant eaten by humans is called the bulb, and it resides at the base of the plant., Figure 23.1D. 1 23.1 D. 1: Micrograph of mammaliam mitochondria: In this transmission electron micrograph of mitochondria in a mammalian lung cell, the cristae, infoldings of the mitochondrial inner membrane, can be seen in cross-section. Mitochondria divide independently by a process that resembles binary fission in prokaryotes., Sep 5, 2023 · plant cell, the basic unit of all plants.Plant cells, like animal cells, are eukaryotic, meaning they have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.The following is a brief survey of some of the major characteristics of plant cells. For a more in-depth discussion of cells, see cell. Unlike animal cells, plant cells have a cell wall surrounding …, Cell Wall Definition. A cell wall is an outer layer surrounding certain cells that is outside of the cell membrane. All cells have cell membranes, but generally only plants, fungi, algae, most bacteria, and …, They have chloroplast-like organelles, called cyanelles or muroplasts, that have peptidoglycan between the two membranes. They have the same pigments as cyanobacteria and red algae: chlorophyll a and phycobilins. ... Cells of multicellular species are connected via incomplete cytokinesis, resulting in pit connections (Figure …, The Chloroplast Is One Member of the Plastid Family of Organelles. Chloroplasts are the most prominent members of the plastid family of organelles. Plastids are present in all living plant cells, each cell type having its own characteristic complement., Chloroplast Definition. The chloroplast, found only in algal and plant cells, is a cell organelle that produces energy through photosynthesis. The word chloroplast comes from the Greek words khloros, meaning "green", and plastes, meaning "formed".It has a high concentration of chlorophyll, the molecule that captures light energy, and this gives many plants and algae a green color., Apr 12, 2019 · Cytoplasm is a clear substance that is gel-like in the cell membrane but is on the outside of the nucleus. It contains mostly water with the addition of enzymes, organelles, salts and organic molecules. Cytoplasm will liquefy when it is stirred or agitated. It is often referred to as cytosol, meaning "substance of the cell." , Nov 25, 2020 · The chloroplast also extensively communicates with other parts and organelles of the cell. We were fortunate enough to have submissions from ~100 talented chloroplast researchers. This topic contains 17 papers of which 11 are original research, 4 are reviews or mini-reviews, and one is a perspective. , The Chloroplast. Chloroplasts: Theaters for Photosynthesis. Photosynthesis, the process of turning the energy of sunlight into ''food,'' is divided into two basic sets of reactions, known as the light reactions and the Calvin cycle, which uses carbon dioxide.As you study the details in other concepts, refer frequently to the chemical equation of photosynthesis: 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Light ..., The chloroplast is a double membrane organelle found in plants and certain algae cells. The main function of the chloroplast is to convert energy from the Sun into chemical energy (glucose) for growth, a process called photosynthesis. This is why we call chloroplasts are like solar panels inside the cells. [In this figure] The chloroplast and ..., Chloroplasts are cell organelles present only in a plant cell and it includes: Stroma Inner membrane Outer membrane Thylakoid membrane Intermembrane Space, Chloroplast dimorphism between BS and M cells has long been recognized (Rhoades and Carvalho, 1944; Laetsch and Price, 1969; Laetsch, 1971).BS chloroplasts generally are larger than those of M cells and, where quantitative data have been gathered, are more numerous per cell and occupy a greater fraction of cell cross-sectional area (Liu and Dengler, 1994; Dengler et al., 1996; Ueno, 1996b)., A cell organelle that creates energy through photosynthesis is the chloroplast, which is exclusively present in algal and plant cells. The name chloroplast derives from the Greek words khloros, which means “green,” and plates, which means “made.”. Chlorophyll, the chemical that absorbs light energy, is present in great concentrations ..., Utilizing chloroplasts in biosolar cells offers a sustainable approach for sunlight harvesting. However, the limited electrochemical communication between ..., The main function of Facts about Chloroplast is to convert the sunlight into energy during the process of photosynthesis. In the plant cells, chloroplasts are called as organelles. It is very important for the life of a plant. Without chloroplasts, the plants won’t be able to cook their own food. They cannot perform the photosynthesis process., Chloroplasts – Chloroplasts are double membrane-bound organelles, which usually vary in their shape – from a disc shape to spherical, discoid, oval and ribbon. They are present in mesophyll cells of leaves, which store chloroplasts and other carotenoid pigments. These pigments are responsible for trapping light energy for photosynthesis., Chloroplasts are unique structures found in plant cells that specialize in converting sunlight into energy that plants can use. This process is called photosynthesis . Chloroplasts are considered organelles in plant cells. Organelles are special structures in cells that perform specific functions. The main function of the chloroplast is ... , These reactions are also called the light-independent reactions because they are not directly driven by light. In the Calvin cycle, carbon atoms from CO 2 are fixed (incorporated into organic molecules) and used to build three-carbon sugars. This process is fueled by, and dependent on, ATP and NADPH from the light reactions., Chloroplasts are the characteristic organelle of plant cells. They host numerous essential metabolic pathways including photosynthesis, which makes chloroplasts ...